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Cinema
Industry in India
Ashok Mittal |
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Cinema
industry has a history of around one hundred years
in India. Cinema entertainment is by far the most
important means of entertainment because of its extensive
reach and popular appeal. It provides a means of entertainment
which is derived from a well developed, formalised
and highly commercialised sector of the economy. It
is a subject that ought to be studied in detail with
the help of formal analytical tools in economics.
Such studies have not been undertaken so far in the
Indian context. Some features of this industry are
peculiar, paradoxical and to some extent disturbing.
While cinema prices (i.e. price of admission to a
cinema seat) have been declining over time in relation
to the cost of inputs and to the prices of other consumer
goods, a considerable proportion of cinema seats on
offer remains unoccupied. The cinema industry in India
is subjected to a number of taxes by Central, State
and local Governments. The most significant tax is
the entertainment tax which directly affects the consumers
as well as the industry. This industry seems to be
in a fragile condition because costs are increasing
while the occuoancy ratio is low. Cinema industry
is facing a tought competition now a days because
of the phenomenal growth of television and videos.
In this book an
attempt is made to explore the main features of cinema
industry in India enompassing its logistics, the main
issues faced by this industry in so far they lie in
the interaction of market forces, demand and cost
structures, the nature and impact of governmental
control and taxation policies, the inter-relationship
and the behaviour motivations of the decision making
units, viz. producers, distributors and exhibitors.
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| perface
- Introduction
- Film Industry
as a Commercial Venture
- Indian Film
Industry: Early Days
- Indian Film:
Begining of Modern Era
- Cinema Theatres
in India
- Permanent Cinemas
and Seating Capacity
- Cinema Theatres
and seating Capacity: Some International Comparisons
- Other Competitive
Entertainments
- Nature and
Scope of Government Control
- Government's
Film Promotional Activities
- A Review of
Literature on Economics of Films
- A Brief review
of Literature on Pricing Decisions
- Production,
Distribution and Exhibition of Films
- Production
of Films: A Brief Sketch
- Distribution
- Exhibition
of Movies
- Producer, Distributor
and Exhibitor: Inter-relationship
- Structure of
Cost in Film Industry
- Cost of Production
of Films
- Distributo's
Cost Structure
- Cost of Film
Exhibition
- Cinema
Prices: Trends, Structure and Determinants
- Variations
in Prices at Full Rates
- Variations
in Prices at Reduced Rates
- Inter-Theatre
Price Variations: A Cross Section Study
- Inter-Theatre
Price Variations: A Cross Section Time Series Analysis
- Relative Inflesibility
of Prices
- A Behavioural
Model of Entertainment Market
- Exhibition
of Films: Some Characteristics
- Characteristics
of Demand
- Cost Functions
- Optimal Run
of a Movie
- Effect of Changes
in Parameters on Optimal period and Expected Revenue
- Some Empirical
Observations
- Demand
and Supply of Entertainment
- Occupancy Ratio:
Simple and Weighted
- Structure and
Pattern of Occupancy Ratio
- Earlier Studies
on Occupancy Ratio
- Determinants of Occupancy
Ratio: An Econometric Study
- Entertainment
Tax: Rate Structure
- Evolution of
Entertainment Tax
- Entertainment
Tax Rate Structure
- Inter-State
Entertainment Tax Rates: A Comparison
- Schedular Progressivity:
An Inter-State Comparison
- Commissions/
Committees on Entertainment Tax
- Compounding
System Versus Ad-valorem Taxes
- Entertainment
Tax and Cinemas
- Exemption from
Payment of Entertainment Tax
- Arrears of
Entertainment Tax Revenue
- Evasion of
Entertainment Tax
- Taxation
of Entertainment: Revenue Characteristics
- Entertainment
Tax: Inter-State Comparisons
- Entertainment
Tax in Uttar Pradesh: Comparison with Other Taxes
in the State
- Inter-Class
Revenue Receipts
- Determinants
of Entertainment Tax Revenue
- Study of Determinants
of Revenue Receipts by Chelliah Committee
- Taxation
of Entertainment: Some Theoretical Considerations
- Impact of Changes
in Tax Rate: Market Periods
- Impact of Tax
Rate Changes With respect to Total Length of movie
Runs and Related Parameters
- Lump-sum Versus
Ad-valorem Taxes
- Summary of
Results
- Taxation of
Entertainment in the Long Run: Some Observations
- Conclusions
- Main Features
of Cinema Industry in India
- Cinema Prices
: Main Features and Findings
- Characteristics
of Demand and Length of Movie Runs
- Occupancy Ration
and Related Problems
- Taxation of
Entertainment
- Entertainment
Tax: Buoyancy, Elasticity and Other Relevant Characteristics
- Prospects:
Some Concluding Observations
Appendices
Bibliography
Index
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Dr.
Ashok Mittal is working as a Reader in the
Department of Economics at Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh. He passed B. Sc. (Maths and Statistics) and
M. A. (Economics) in first Division from St. John's
College, Agra. He obtained his Ph. D. degree in Economics
from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. He was awarded
National Merit Scholarship for higher studies and U.
G . C. Teacher Research fellowship. He is teaching economics
to undergraduate and postgraduate classes since 1975.
He is teaching quantitative techniques to M. Phil students
and is also supervising M.Phil and Ph. D. students.
He has contributed a few papers in national conferences.
Dr. Mittal was the convenor of 27th
Indian Econometric Conference in 1990. He has been invited
by various Universities to deliver lectures on quantitative
economics and public finance. He is a life member of
many professional societies.
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